The ruling idea

Nell Dunn is a feminist writer and so like many of her kind wrote plays revolving around the livelihoods of women through solitary experiences and as groups. Steaming looks at the relationships of 6 women from different social classes, ages and living in different economic circumstances. However different these 6 women are, they are brought together by the steam baths, a communal place where only females attend. Through this close environment these women are seen gravitating towards each other and communicating openly despite their class distinction and in some cases are brought together by this fascination with the opposing class. Effectively, the barriers of their class division are being brought down by the formation of female companionships. Josie is one of the poorest characters within the play, initially she is very wary of my character Nancy, who is initially seen as her complete opposite as she derives from the upper class and is the wealthiest of all 6 women. However, towards the end of the act they are seen conversing together about men and money and it turns out that they aren't as different as their stereotypes assume them to be. We wanted to take the idea of class barriers and show how each woman, although initially different comes to appreciate these differences to find out how very similar they infact are. The way in which we used staging, set and costume was very important in embedding our ruling idea in the play and using subtle factors within these aspects to present this idea to the audience. * The first way in which we created this was through the design of the set. A simple set of 4 white blocks set in a square formation was used at the central focus to the play and was where the majority of the action occurred. In doing so we were able to create a sense of togetherness in the enclosed space where conversation was accessible to all and left none of the characters out. This achieved a sense of unity among the group but also an understanding of acceptance among characters as each individual had their own â€Å"bed† -as it were- where they could keep their personal belongings and also use the space to rest, where they would not be apart from the rest of the group. Not only this but the colour of the blocks was also significant and symbolic. White creates a sense of purity and seeing as the baths are a place of cleanliness this seemed justified and would probably be found in conventional bathhouse. However, the meaning behind this choice goes deeper. Not only is the colour meant to symbolise cleanliness of a hygienic environment but it also comes to represent purity that cannot be found in the outside world, a place of troubles and grime. * The second way we achieved this was the use of costume. On entering the baths each individual character is wearing their everyday clothes, a symbol of their individual tastes, wealth and class. The costume initially gives the audience an impression of these characteristics and can perhaps makes a judgement on them and in most cases stereotype them for example Mrs Meadows and Dawn are first seen holding cheap plastic carrier bags, slippers and quite tattered looking clothes and myself as Nancy appear in patent black shoes and pearls. These outfits were purposefully chosen due to our group interpretation but also to create this stereotype so as to enable us to enhance our reasoning behind the bathrobes. The bathrobes, like the blocks, are also white, another symbol of purity and also conventional steam room wear. Like the blocks they were used to enable each character to come from the outside world, full of problems and troubles and shed themselves of the clothes their class and wealth restrict them to. Having done so, stereotypes that society creates of them are destroyed and suddenly they all become equal despite these factors. We used the colour white for the beds and the robes in an ironic way as in actual fact, a part of what this colour is meant to represent- purity and cleanliness is far from what these women's lives actually entail. Each women is subject to cases of either domestic violence, mental disorder or divorce, all which would have been shocking to be talked about so openly on stage. * A small factor is the play but also a very significant one, which added to our ruling idea, was the use of the character Bill Bradley. Nell Dunn purposefully wrote this play without a man in it and so the character of Bill is heard shouting from somewhere in the distance, responding to Violets hassles about the corroded pipes! We used this to our advantage and made a point of really shouting at him as if he were a complete nuisance not particularly because of the pipes but because he was a man and this slotted in with the fact that each and every woman at the baths has her grievances about men. From the way Dunn wrote this play it is evident that this was his purpose, to be completely set apart from this group of women who are slowly coming closer and closer to one another.

Analysis of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Essay

Introduction Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR), a leader in specialty coffee and coffee makers, was founded in 1981 by Bob Stiller (Green Mountain Coffee Roasters [GMCR], n. d.). From a small cafà © to a company listed on NASDAQ and then to a company with more than $2.6 billion net sales revenue by Sep 24 2011 (GMCR, 2011), GMCR enjoyed great financial successes. Besides, it has been recognized consistently as a socially responsible company. Key Factors in GRMC’s Success After studying GMCR case, several key points are identified which together contribute to the success of GMCR as both corporation and corporate citizen. First, GMCR convenes members from all parts of its system for important company activities. In many companies, most of the staff in the lowest level of organizational structure are excluded from company activities. But representatives from GMCR’s whole system get together in its annual summit meetings (Mary 2008). The get together is useful in helping its participants better understand their importance within the organization and realize they can do more to better serve the system. People from all parts of GMCR also go to training programs (Mary 2008). These programs are a platform for staff to learn necessary knowledge with which they can better serve the customers. Including members from all parts of the system gives them a sense of personal involvement which encourages them to align their own interest with that of company. When employees feel that they are truly part of the organization, they tend to internalize the needs of the company rather than just treat their jobs as externally imposed obligations. They may also find their job meaningful and pleasant, have a stronger feeling of belonging and eventually are likely to work harder and exhibit increased labor productivity. In a nutshell, Bob Stiller makes all members truly participate in his venture and sparkles their potentials to better serve GMCR. Bob Stiller also take employees from different parts of the company to coffee farms(Mary 2008). Therefore employees can have personal experience about coffee farming which may increase their awareness and attention. For example, roasters may learn that lots of hard working is needed to harvest organic coffee bean and hence may pay more attention when roasting coffee bean which cause less waste of bean. Second, GMCR’s decision making process is based on the interest of all stakeholders rather than the company itself. For example, GMCR works to add social value by engaging in education programs for the children from farming families and communities (Mary 2008). Assisting these children builds stronger relations between GMCR and its farming families. GMCR also provides interest free financial resources to the farmers (Mary 2008), which eventually results in smooth supply of high quality bean. By taking all members’ interest into account, Bob Stiller builds a strong, desirable and sustainable network with all members within the system, which in turn supports the growth of GMCR. Third, GMCR has committed to organic coffee and creates social value by offering a much healthier lifestyle. Besides, GMCR’s success sets an example for other companies want to join organic market. GMCR improves environment by protecting coffee farm from the bad impact of chemicals and assuring the future generations a viable farm (Mary 2008). It is difficult for farm owners to keep coffee trees alive as long as possible (Mary 2008) and the support from GMCR makes it possible. Therefore farmers are able to make a living out of coffee beans, and more importantly, they have a higher satisfaction because they can preserve and pass the farm to their future generations(Mary 2008). GMCR’s partnership with its farmers not only guarantees a smooth bean supply but also increases farmers’ spiritual wealth and again strengthens their relations. For trade-off problems, Bob Stiller always adhere to â€Å"future thinking† (Collins & Porras, 2002), making decisions based on long term benefits for the whole interconnected system rather than GMCR itself. Besides, Bob Stiller has committed to creating wealth which not only incorporates financial value but anything brings value to the whole system and the whole society. References Collins, J., and Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: Harper Business Essentials. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters. (n. d.). Corporate review. Available at http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html, accessed August 24, 2012. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters. (2011). Consolidated Statements of Operations. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc. Form 10-K. Available at

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution & Natural Selection Essay

Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire into a wealthy family. Darwin himself initially planned to follow a medical career, and studied at Edinburgh University but later switched to divinity at Cambridge. In 1831, he joined a five year scientific expedition on the survey ship HMS Beagle. This is where he came up with his theory of evolution. During his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin found evidence that challenged traditional belief that species are unchanging. During this, he read Charles Lyell’s book Principles of Geology. As Darwin began visiting many places, he began to see things that he thought could be explained only by a process of gradual change. He realized the plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands resembled those in South America. He later suggested that the animals migrated to the Islands from South America and changed after they arrived. He later called this change evolution. When he returned from his voyage he continued his studies, but did not report his ideas of evolution until many years later. The key to Darwin’s thinking about how evolution takes place was an essay written in 1798 by Thomas Malthus. Malthus suggested that human populations do not grow unchecked because death caused by disease, war, and famine slows population growth. Darwin realized that his hypothesis can apply to all species. Considering Malthus’s view and his own observations and experience in breeding domestic animals, Darwin made a key association. A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations. He call this natural selection. In 1844, Darwin finally wrote down all these ideas about evolution and natural selection in and early outline that he showed to few scientists. He decided to publish it after being contacted by Alfred Russel Wallace. His book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared in November of 1859. Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection were based on four major points. 1) Inherited variation exists within the genes of every population or species. 2) In a particular environment, some individuals are better suited to survive and have more offspring.

Immigrants from Columbia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immigrants from Columbia - Essay Example Men usually shake hands with direct eye contact and use of appropriate greeting of the day is very vital. Women often do not shake hands but rather grasps forearms. The official language in Colombia is Spanish and it’s spoken widely and the rest are American Indian languages. Religious wise, Colombians are Roman Catholics and such personal issues as marriage and family life have been highly influenced by the same. Thus my approach in trying to work with this family would be to first approach the elders of the family (in this case the grandparents) and strike a friendship with the them since they are the most revered and will obviously have the final say. I would engage them with the language that they understand best and then try to deduce claims of abuse. If the claims are true, then I will follow the right way to have the children registered in the appropraite way so as they can benefit from the Department of Children and Family, of course with the full support of their mother and

E-Banking and ABC costing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

E-Banking and ABC costing - Assignment Example This article explores the implementation techniques of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in the banking sector on the example of bank in order to analyze the cost structure for traditional and electronic channel transactions. The article shows how it is possible to implement ABC in banking and proves empirically that electronic channels help reduce the costs of both banks and their clients. The setup and infrastructure to implement e-banking services requires a huge amount of initial outlay. Therefore, European banks have spent billions of euros into building direct channels like the Web, upgrading branches and call centres, and trying to integrate all these channels. Major financial futurists predicted bright prospects to electronic banking. But after some years of excitement it appeared that the banks' long-awaited sky-rocketing profits from this area would not be yielded. Around the world, Internet banks are faltering. This situation requires a profound analysis to be able to understand the real cost of e-banking, and e-bank transactions in particular. All major banks have declared e-business as one of their core strategies for future developments. Until recently, most of the pricing decisions about e-bank services were made instinctively as the current financial management information systems did not support such analysis. This research expThis research explores the implementation techniques of Activity-Based Costing in the banking sector on the example of bank in order to analyze the cost structure for traditional and electronic channel transactions. Also conclusions are drawn about the profitability of e-banking transactions. The research addresses the following questions: 1. How can ABC techniques be implemented in a bank How it is possible to allocate IT expenses to products 2. What are the cost elements of e-channel transactions What are the major cost groups 3. Are e-channel transactions cheaper than those made via the traditional channels Chapter 2: Role of E-banking In the past, banks have used a set of integrated distribution channels has provided the basis for them to build strong relationships with their customers. Those banks leading to shape the way in which products are distributed can often gain long lasting competitive advantages. Like ATMs and 'phone banking, the Internet is seen by many banks today as a new, low cost distribution channel (Feng 2001). Unlike traditional corporate networks (which usually have private computer networks in place), the Internet has become a mass infrastructure available to an ever-growing segment of the population. It is based on an open, standard protocol for communications, and it is relatively inexpensive and non-proprietary with global accessibility. Most of all, the Internet is not only cheaper than other distribution channels but also allows banks to reach new customers in new areas more easily (Feng 2001). The advantages both for banks and their customers are obvious, especially in terms of cost and convenience. If we assume that the end users have the basic understanding of internet usage then substantial cost savings can be achieved if banks can persuade their

Conscious (Mindful) Communication Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conscious (Mindful) Communication Day - Essay Example At times when I hang out with my friends, we find ourselves talking politics in our country. Definitely not all of my friends hold similar political ideologies as mine. So, we tend to differ in most cases and end up in unending argument, sometimes resulting even to insults. This happened one day when we were walking to the movie show. It later came to my conscience that I was doing the wrong thing; I changed the topic and ensured that I and my friends maintained the friendship. It felt good achieving my goal of maintaining unity though my friends never realized the reason behind the topic change. Some situations seem challenging and tricky to face especially when truth is unveiled. During my last holiday, I attended a wedding ceremony in which my uncle was the bridegroom. I had been advised by mom never to leave my younger sister Laura alone as mom too had to attend the occasion (Shafir, 2003). I became disobedient and left the 2 year old kid in our house. On coming back, I found almost all valuables were missing including mom’s laptop, television set and other households. I knew I would face the worst moment in my life. I had an idea to lie about gunpoint robbery of the house but conscience kept refraining me from telling lies. I told my mom what actually happened. Laura was well, she warned me never to disobey her to that extent. She felt disappointed, and praised my innocence in telling the truth. Another aspect of mindful communication derived from this context is never to speak with an aim of pleasing other people but say what you feel is truth and just, what you feel you can say

Economic Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economic Development - Research Paper Example Notably, it has also been demonstrated in certain other areas relating to business activities such as trade, manufacturing and other business operations. In this context, industrializations, economic policies and export activities among others are considered to be the most important factors for the all-round development of a country. Human capital is also considered to be an important aspect which assists in the development of economies by a considerable level (Khan, Zhang, Hashmi and Bashir, â€Å"Cultural Values and Economic Growth in Asia: An Empirical Analysis†). Economic development in the Asian countries can be recognized by taking into concern certain valuable aspects like trade activities and better investment opportunities among others. In the worldwide context, Asia has been viewed to be the fast growing or developing economy and is recognized to be one of the leading financial centers throughout the globe. The financial advancement of Asia can be noted in the develo pment of its various nations like Japan, China, South Korea, India and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. The economic conditions of these Asian countries have been viewed to be developing in a continuous manner (Ishido, â€Å"East Asia’s Economic Development cum Trade â€Å"Divergence†Ã¢â‚¬ ). It has been apparently observed that there laid certain imperative factors which are held responsible for the economic development of the aforementioned Asian countries in the 21st century. In this regard, the factors comprise adoption as well as implementation of pioneering technological advancements, globalization of world economy, diverse trade activities and enhanced policies linked with financial development. Moreover, another important factor that contributes in developing the financial position of the different Asian countries is the role played by the government in the respective nations. The governments belonging to different nations of Asia int roduced as well as implemented various favorable economic and political policies that eventually resulted in raising the standards of the financial position of the Asian countries by a greater extent. Besides, the policies that formed as well as executed by the government belonging to different nations of Asia have improved business as well as human welfare activities resulting in better economic development. Apart from the aforementioned factors, the financial development of

Servicescape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Servicescape - Essay Example The amplified significance of providing exceptional service is obvious in service marketing contents. This report presents the fundamentals of servicescape in the Emirates and their influence on customers’ viewpoints based on Bitner model (Bitner, 1992).Emirates   airways was set up in 1946 with a starting fleet of 138 aircrafts. It is currently a huge airline based in Qatar operating 172 destinations in 39 countries providing passenger and cargo services. The servivescape elements found on Emirates Airlines include ambient conditions, colour, lighting, physical designs, background music, artefacts, functionality, and signs. The service the paper will deal with is air transport with special consideration with Emirates airlines.Introduction and Research QuestionsIn the past couple of years, researchers and marketing managers have identified with the features of servicescape terming them as useful in the attraction and retaining of consumers particularly in the service industr y. This research purposes to answer one major question and that is there any impact of servicescapes on marketing? The research seeks to identify the effect of this environment on five employees and five consumers. The study will analyse the relationship between the use of servicescapes and the increase in clientele in Emirates Airlines. It will also show the effect of the environment in the Emirates on five customers and employees (Barsky & Nash, 2003). In this chapter, the methodology of the research consisted of four sections.

Methods Analysis and Techniques Coursework Data Analysis Essay

Methods Analysis and Techniques Coursework Data Analysis - Essay Example 19% of these children were below 18 years old. The official level of poverty changes and in relation to household size; however, in 2008 the definition of poor family changed if a single parent with two children had an income below $17,346. The Connecticut Commission on children indicates that most children living in poverty are more vulnerable to diseases than children from more a well off homes. According to this commission, most babies that are born to low-income parents experience lower birth weights hence are more vulnerable to infant mortality. Child Trends organization reports that children from poor families experience mental health such as impulsiveness, disobedience and difficulties in association with other people. Their self-esteem is low and this may affect them throughout their lives. It is clear that income is a determinant on the health conditions of a person. Therefore this study wants to determine the effect of total family income on the health condition of an indiv idual. This study will be appropriate at making conclusions about the relationship that exist between income and health conditions. This study will be important to several stakeholders including the ministries of planning and health to make appropriate policies that will improve health conditions of the citizens. Researchers, who study the effect of income on health conditions, generally seek to generalize their results from the available data to some larger context by generalizing a sample to a population. Assumptions are important aspect of empirical studies. This study, just like any other study, applies some statistical assumptions in order to achieve at the desired results. The statistical assumptions are: The independent variable of the study is income while the dependent variable is health. The study will mainly duel on correlation and regression for data analysis. Correlation coefficient is important in showing

UKs Economic Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UKs Economic Issues - Essay Example These effects have been not had a positive impact on the economy of UK. Policies have been developed to curb the situation but still it has continued to persist. As per now in accordance to the latest labour statistics from the office of statistics shows that the rate of unemployment stands at 7.8%. This percentage is still deemed high having in mind the fact that UK is one of the most developed countries, which translates to its economy. Its economy ought to be depicting a no or very low unemployment rate. With the population of several millions unemployed, you definitely expect some difficulties in the economy (Clegg, 2013:1-58). This is not only to the directly affected people but also to the government and society at large. The government is deprived of the very income tax it majorly relies on to fund its projects. When people who are both able and willing to work lack the job to do, they do not stop using the resources available. The strain is direct on the people being dependen t upon and the government. The government ought to continue offering security, basic healthcare, education and other social needs with nothing in return inform of income tax. The government needs money to run and if this money is not available, the business is bound to go down. The government being a major player in any market, it loses strength and this is what UK had been struggling to fight. The deficits on the budgets have partly been influenced by unemployment as people enjoy services they are not paying for through payment of income tax. In the year 2011/12, the expenditure exceeded the earning collections by ? 1.8 billion. With continued increase of this figure, the population of UK may be subjected to national debt. The purchasing power of the people of UK has gone down. This is primarily because the fluctuations in the unemployment rates have set grounds for uncertainties. For the last five years, the dependency ratio has fluctuated though in average the trend has been dimi nishing more because of the creation of part-time jobs. It is automatic that when one is not employed, he has no power to purchase anything even if he is willing to do so. This effect has seen the internal demand of goods produced locally go down a bit. Fallen demand has seen the industries reduce their operational capacity some to as low as 75% and this have gone to the worse edges of even risking more people to unemployment. The trend has though gained momentum of improving and the true state of matter today is not what it was five years ago. Effect of Balance of Payment on UK Economy Balance of payment entails a number of things. First, it involves the current account then financial account. Capital balance and net errors and omissions are also taken into account when arriving at the net value of the balance of payments (Krugman & Wells 2009: 600). Goods and services together with income inflows and current transfers are considered for current account (Krugman & Wells, 2009: 600) . The financial account is basically a trade of any financial assets. The capital account had been determined by capital asset sale. For the last five years, the balance of payment has also been fluctuating as unemployment has been. The current account has been on the deficit side for a long time. Economists have argued that this is a favourable situation as some countries which have had a large surplus like Japan have remained stagnant in growth but yet UK has been growing since the 1980s when the deficit began (EconomicOutlook, 2010: 60-76). The financial and capital account surpluses have been offsetting the deficit in the current

Technological solution that can bridge a gap, fix a problem or somehow Research Proposal

Technological solution that can bridge a gap, fix a problem or somehow benefit risk, crisis or emergency management - Research Proposal Example Robotics or robot technology can play a significant part in this context, which supports quick reaction in tough and unsafe working environments by substituting employees to perform the risky tasks. Fulfilling the requirements of such risky tasks involves independent control, planning and navigation, instrument fusion and machine astuteness. Robot technology can be used for preventing any problem or issue while ensuring quality and safety of human beings (Habib & Baudoin, 2010). The paper will describe the most significant problems for emergency management, and will propose the requirement for using robotic technological solutions to bridge the gap and accomplish the objectives. Crisis management is a significant area in robot technology which is developed for making major impacts towards dealing with emergency situations. The robots are expected to support in emergency conducts by improving the safety and the security of people throughout the operations. Robots can use advanced instruments and tools in those circumstances which are inconvenient for general people. The recent improvements in robot system and equipment have made the work of rescuing people possible even in harsh environments. Human beings face several difficulties in managing crisis due to several obstructions of environment, which create a gap in performance and objectives of crisis management. The robot technology provides one of the best solutions for bridging the gap in crisis management as it can perform better compared to human beings and certain other technologies (Tadokoro, Matsuno, Nardi, & Jacof, 2009). Presently, the computer and information technology (IT) has brought significant revolution in data processing. The utilization of computer technology and IT is widely spread in present era. Traditionally, the computer and IT was only limited to management of files, however, nowadays they are being used in observing the condition of entire planet and helping to generate

Theories of Counseling Essay Example for Free

Theories of Counseling Essay Counseling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Counseling comes from the word counseil (Middle English), conseil (Old French), consilium (Latin); it means to take counsel or to consult. There are so many definitions that you can apply with the word counseling as there are people who practice this to describe it more comprehensively. Frank Parsons was the one who originated this term in the year 1908. This term was adopted by Carl Rogers because he was not permitted by the psychiatry profession to call himself a psychotherapist and in response to widespread prejudice in the United States against lay therapist. Counselor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Counselor is the term to a person or individual who has an intellectual, psychological, emotional and mental capability in listening and responding to one’s illness in mind and emotion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a counselor, there are few points that should be done systematically and constantly. A counselor should be a great listener. He should listen effectively and wisely to what his client is saying. Counselor should work with its client with a define goal and thoughts with respect to the client’s values and cultural living. He should respond correctly with every feeling his client is dealing and be able to facilitate its thoughts and worries about a certain situation. He should know how and what to advise to help his client gain their own sight and understanding into how they should act, feel, and think in each given parameters of situation. A counselor should be a good teacher and a good model to help and teach his client express their emotions in its own way of living, work out its solutions to its specific problems, accept the things that cannot be changed in their life, and supports their counselor-client relationship while doing all this process. Counselor should know how to help his client become empowered to act in ways that are best in their own interest and should be able to use a variety of techniques to help his client explore and gain confidence in their life. Characteristics of a Helping Relationship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The helping relationship is defined as the process of promoting the growth, development, maturity, functioning and coping skills in another person. Fundamentally, the helping or healing practices used in this process must be consistent with the value system of those you are trying to help. The diversity of First Nations people suggests that understanding how he or she sees the world is the best guide to establishing a helping relationship. Yet among traditional healing practices in all cultures, there seems to be two principal phases of the helping process, an inward exploratory phase and an outward action phase. However, we feel the First Nations approach must include four principle dimensions. In both phases, the dimensions of the spiritual, physical, emotional and social are explored and utilized. While the wheel represents them in parts, in fact they are integrated into every aspect of our being. Phase one is characterized by an inward direction in which a relationship is established and the problem or concern is explored. This means that the level of trust you develop will form how you interact with the person you want to help. Trust is the principle grease that facilitates the helping process. The exploratory nature of this phase suggests that the peer support giver listens in an active way, paying attention not only to what is being said, but also to how it is being said. The second phase of the helping process is characterized by an outward direction in which a course of action is outlined and implemented. The peer support giver works in a cooperative manner as the problem is being worked through. Helping generally does not move in a direct line. In this sense, helping is cyclical or more like a wavy circle as compared to a linear line which moves directly from a statement of the issue to a solution (Roger,61).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Helping Relationship is also called Therapeutic relationship. It is a special instance of interpersonal relationships and all the same lawfulness governs all such relationships. In other words, helping relationship might be defined as one in which one of the participant in a so-called process intends that there should come about, in one or both individuals, more functional use of the latent inner resources of the person. A helping relationship is like when you are dealing with a physician and his patient or the relationship between teacher and student. All counselor-client relationships, in all kinds of counseling are a category for helping relationship. In this include the wide range of relationships between the counselor and the client and the relationship between the therapist and the increasing number of the normal individuals who enter therapy to improve their own system of functioning or to accelerate their personal growth of living. There are many kinds of one-to-one relationships. But there are large number of these are intended to helping relationships. Interaction between the counselor and his client is belonging in this situation. The interaction between the consultants is intended as a helping relationship. These things will sum up that the fact that many of the relationship in which many patients are involved fall within this part of interactions in which there is the purpose of promoting development and more mature and analytical method of functioning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the studies involving this matter about helping relationship throw light on the attitudes on the part of the helping person which make a relationship growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting as its characteristics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a study given by Baldwin about parent-child relationships shows great evidence about the characteristics of helping relationships. The characteristics of a parent-child relationship are also related and can be applied to other similar cases of counseling. The counselor who is warmly emotional and expressive, respectful of the individuality of himself and of his client should be able to exhibits a non-possessive caring to facilitate self-realization much as the client is dealing with their own attitudes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There should be also a high degree of agreement among the client and the one who is counseling regardless of the orientation of their elements in unhelpful relationships. Guiding one another is mildly perceived with each step of the way in the given process to have an acceptable procedure in the end of the counseling therapy.   Interaction between a client and the counselor in the helping relationship is pointing out and labeling the behaviors which had proves unsatisfying, exploring objectively with the client the reasons behind their behaviors and established a re-education more effective problem-solving habits. In all kind of interaction, its main objective as many counselor practices was to be impersonal with every move they are dealing with in a helping relationship. The counselor should permits as little of his own personality to intrude as is humanly possible. It is the clue to the failure of this approach, as it’s interprets the facts in the light of the other research studies. A helping relationship withhold one’s self as a person and to deal with the other person as an object which does not have a high probability of being helpful to its client.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provided by a similar attraction of process in a helping relationship, we can say that one characteristic of it is working in the field of human relationships has a similar problem in knowing how to use such research knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Helping relationship is the kind of relationship created by an individual who psychologically mature. The degree to which I can create relationships which facilitate the growth of other people as separate persons is a measure of the growth achieved by the counselor. First step in dealing with counselor-client relationships   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are some significant elements that a counselor should always first cover up in his first session with his client. The first stage of a counseling method is the most critical part of the process because it is the starting foundation of a good and well-sound relationship between the client and the counselor. The first and the most important part the counselor must cover up are to gain the trust and the emotion of its client. The counselor should gain the knowledge and the points of view on how his client is dealing so he will be able to know how to deal with it in its specific situation and be able to plot the problems on how they will take it in a systematical way of approach. The counselor should the first time they meet, the problems where his client is dealing and the goals that they are enlisted to aim in order to process the thinking and the right relationship with each other. They should come up a very good feeling with themselves specially the patient. The most important thing when dealing with your client at the first time you’ve met is the foundation of your relationship. It will be the starting point of your mission that’s why it is very critical. The ways and step by step process should be well plotted and organized (Corey, 114). Your main responsibilities in counseling are to attend your regularly scheduled sessions, talk about what is bothering you as openly and honestly as you can, and complete any tasks or homework assignments you may be asked to do. You are expected to let your counselor know if you are unable to make it to a session. Most counseling will require you to try something new or a different approach. Another thing your counselor will expect is for you to be willing to experiment and try things without jumping to conclusions. You are also expected to let your counselor know when your problems have been solved as well as let your counselor know if you dont feel like youre making any progress. This latter point is most important: your counselor is most interested in your benefiting from counseling. One of the most difficult steps in counseling occurs before you even see a counselor for the first time. Deciding to seek counseling is the first step in change. Once this decision has been made, the mechanics for change have been set in motion. In the process of changing the way you think, feel, or behave, you usually must try out new ways of doing things. This can make you anxious or frustrated. Also, in the course of counseling you may come to realize that things you once thought of only in a positive or negative way you may see a bit differently. The challenges of pushing on your limitations may also cause your frustrations, but with commitment and practice, you will find that you can stretch your limits and find new and exciting aspects of your self (Corey, 114). Theories and Techniques in Counseling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biblical Psychology for me is the most useful and effective techniques in counseling in whatever type of this in accordance to the biblical theory of counseling.   God looks at us from the perspective of our feelings, doings and root levels, and we are to do the same. It is through these levels; we assess and evaluate the problem, the diagnostics. Our feelings tell us what is happening, but we are not to make decisions or live by those feelings. This is what distinguishes a Christian from the world. The world lives by feelings but a Christian lives by his will and his will is based on the word of God which is the will of God. He is to do what God says to do regardless of his feelings. The doing of Gods word regardless of feelings is illustrated by Gods commandment to love our enemies, do well to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who persecute you. This is all contrary to our natural feelings but our true self in exercising Gods command, the self in union with the Holy Spirit, transcends the natural and changes our feelings into compassion rather than retaliation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emphasis in the Christian life is in the doing. It is the doing that changes our feelings as well as our root level. As we do what Gods word commands, the Holy Spirit changes our root from selfishness and self-centeredness, to conform us to the image of the Lord Jesus Christ in our very root being. This is a lifelong process that continues changing us from glory to glory when we simply obey Gods word. Accordingly, we are to view the problem from Gods perspective, and His word provides the solution, the hope, and with hope are changes that are necessary, and the practice of these changes to conform you to the image of Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depending upon your problem or situation, the following are provided to assist you in seeking Gods solution; Orientation to Biblical Counseling- An eight week training course to provide students with a basic knowledge on how to handle their problems Gods way as opposed to the worlds way, Establish a Foundation for Biblical Discipleship- A five week program for new Christians, teaching them how to grow and mature in Christ. This could be used for individual counseling or a classroom setting and Strengthening Your Marriage- A ten week course for pre-marital and marital situations. These are worksheets designed for individual counseling situations, and deal with a variety of sin problems and the solutions thereof. The Life Studies are divided into three categories; Guilt and Shame as the past, anger and bitterness as the present and fear as the future. These time segments cover all of lifes experiences and must be dealt with biblically. Counselee must know that he is identified with Christ, that by the blood of our Lord, counselees conscience is washed and cleansed of guilt and shame once and forever. Now he is to live the new life, empowered by the Holy Spirit, collaborating with God, to deal with his present, the daily offenses and irritations of life, and thereby establish Gods will on earth. Thus, he is enabled to leave the future in Gods hands. We should always remember: You are given life so that Life may indwell you, Christ Himself, and you are to work out this life daily being conformed to His image. Gods word is your authority, and the indwelling Holy Spirit is your power to enable you to be a blessing instead of a curse on this earth. Go now as you make a disciple of yourself, go and make disciples of others and fulfill Christs command. Let a godly lifestyle be a living witness of Christ walking this earth in, as, and through you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another theory that I am willing to learn more is the systemic interversions. Systemic interventions are premised upon the assumption that ones environment elicits and supports the individuals dysfunctional cognitive, behavioral and affective responses. The go goal of systemic interventions is to change the individuals social environment or system, thus changing the patterns of interrelationship that elicited or supported these responses. Examples of systemic interventions (in addition to those in the preceding categories that also produce system change) include: altering communication patterns through role play and renegotiation, altering family (or system) structure by reconstructing boundaries, the family genogram, family sculpture, and providing directives for change. Children pose special issues in the selection of counseling interventions for several reasons. They have little power or control over their environment, or may lack the cognitive or affective development to respond to some interventions. For this reason, a systemic view which involves significant adults in their world often is the most effective approach to intervention selection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a lot of techniques in counseling and the most that I am capable to apply is the progressive relaxation. These are one of the relaxation techniques in counseling. Most of the time, we are unaware of tension in our bodies until it escalates into headaches, muscle tightness, even vomiting, diarrhea, and ulcers in more extreme situations. An important part of recovery is becoming aware of our feelings. Our thoughts and feelings are major sources of this tension; creating tightness in neck and shoulders, the lower back, stomach, or legs and feet. However, we arent always aware of our internal state, so, another way to recognize and manage some of our internal feelings is through identifying what it feels like to be tense. Progressive relaxation can help us learn to recognize the tension or stress in our bodies, so we can stop it before it becomes a major physical problem (headache, muscle tightness, etc). Progressive Relaxation exercises purposefully create tension beginning from one end of our bodies to the other. What’s the purpose? It helps us recognize what tense and relaxed feels like. Since we all store stress in our bodies, we can only release body tension if we are aware of it (Roger, 61).   III. Life experience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My past life experiences is cruel and difficult. I encountered many problems and difficulties when I was a child. I am an adopted child who was molested and put on foster care. I think that this life experience of mine is a big advantage when dealing with my client. Increasing numbers of molested and abused children are very significant today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     According to a 2001 study by the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation that used federal data, annual direct costs including medical, police, court and welfare costs of all child abuse is $24 billion. In addition, an estimated 10 to 20 percent of 1 million cases today are of child abuse. According to the National Institute of Justice, 26 percent of abused and neglected children become juvenile delinquents, and 13 percent of violent crime can be linked to earlier child maltreatment. Research by the U.S. Bureau of Justice found that about 22 percent of imprisoned child sex offenders reported having been sexually abused during childhood (Stevens, 2005)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is estimated that 20 to 40 percent of adult women in the United States were sexually abused before the age of 18. For men, the range is 10 to 20 percent. Thats 24 million to 48 million women and 11 million to 22 million men. Almost every child is vulnerable to child molestation. Victims can be boys as well as girls and older as well as younger. There are many kinds of child molestation. Examples of this are; Touching or fondling, flashing or exposing adult genitals to a child, showing x-rated material to a child, deviant sexual activity such as defecation, urination, bondage, or sadomasochism and normal sexual activity such as vaginal or anal intercourse or oral stimulation of the genitals. Child molesters are either coaxing or persuading a child into sexual activity or forcing and threatening to harm a child into sexual activity. They most often manipulate child victims into complying with sexual activity by grooming them with attention, affection and gifts over a period of time. This grooming agenda of a molester is usually aimed at the parent of very young children in order for the child molester to obtain the family’s trust and thereby have an access to the child (Stevens, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With my own life experiences, I gradually think that it will be a greater advantage for me to able to comply and deal with my client to help in his problem especially if my client is also a molested child. Therefore, I can relate with my client much easier and comfortable. Nature of Clients   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In accordance to my life experiences, I am very willing to deal with people who also encountered and came from similar life experience as mine. It will be easy for me to dwell with this kind of people because I am capable enough to handle and understand their emotion and behavior in this kind of problem. I am not looking to deal with people who molest. Those people are the hardest thing for me to approach. Bibliography Corey; Theory and Practice of Counseling; 7th edition Helping Relationship; Educational compliment, May 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/hfrance/2.htm; September 23, 2007 Rogers, Carl R.; A Therapist View of Psychotherapy, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York, 1961 Stevens, Ellen Jane; Myths cover up further tragedies in Episode of Child Molestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sunday Edition, April 3, 2005

African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Biology Essay

African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Biology Essay African trypanosomiasis also known as sleeping sickness is a wide spread parasitic disease (disease caused by organism that lives in or on another from which it obtains nourishment) that can be fatal if not treated. It is estimated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that it has 450 000 cases each year, however in the past there have epidemics (a rapid spread or increase) such as between 1896 and 1906 where it is believed that 300 000 to 500 000 died from the disease. [1] African trypanosomiasis is common in the sub-Saharan region near rivers, lakes, in gallery forests and in Savannahs where the large brown tsetse flies are present. It occurs in these remote rural areas because the health systems are weak and because most of these areas depend on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting so they are exposed to the tsetse flies. [2]The disease has been present in Africa for a minimum of 14 centuries with millions of people being affected by it. As you can see below (in figure 1) the distribution of trypanosomiasis in Africa comprises currently an area of 8 million km2 between 14 degrees North and 20 degrees South latitude. tryp_map.gif [Fig. 1] Distribution of human African trypanosomiasis. http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend5.gifEpidemic http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend6.gifHigh endemicity http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend4.gifLow endemicity http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend7.gifAt risk http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend3.gifAbsence of the disease   As well as African trypanosomiasis also occurs in South America it is called the American trypanosomiasis or the Chagas disease however the organism causing that disease is different to the Tsetse flies. African trypanosomiasis is however more common than the South American version and it is estimated that around 50,000 to 70,000 people are currently infected with it and around 48,000 people died from it in 2008. [3] If, like most diseases, African Trypanosomiasis is diagnosed early there is a high chance of survival. There are no effective vaccines, and the drugs used to treat this disease are often toxic and usually have many side effects. Untreated cases have a 100 percent  mortality rate. [4] The extent of African Trypanosomiasis is shown more clearly when compared to other diseases and during epidemic periods prevalence reached 50% in several villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola and Southern Sudan. Sleeping sickness was the first or second greatest cause of mortality in those communities, ahead of even HIV/AIDS. [5] There are two types of African trypanosomiasis which are common in humans. The first of the two sub species is trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense which causes a slow chronic trypanosomiasis in humans. This mostly occurs in central and western Africa, where humans are thought to be the primary target. The second is T. brucei rhodesiense and this causes a rapid onset of trypanosomiasis in humans and this is most common in southern and eastern Africa, where animals are the primary target. Tsetse flies are large flies which can be easily misinterpreted for a housefly but can be distinguished by various characteristics. These flies cause human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis (or nagana) as well as other diseases and its estimated it kills around 250,000 to 300,000 people a year. Tsetse flies are multivoltine (they have more than 2 generations per year) and there are 23 species of this fly existent today. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are generally placed in their own family, the Glossinidae. [6] AfrTryp_LifeCycle.gif[Fig. 2] [1] When a tsetse fly bites it takes blood from a human or animal host. [2] If the tsetse fly is infected it injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue and the parasites enter the lymphatic system (part of the immune system) and pass into the bloodstream. Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes and are carried to other parts of the body. [3] After this bloodstream trypomastigotes reach other blood fluids such as lymph, spinal fluid and continue the replication by binary fission (Asexual reproduction where parent cells divide into two equal parts.). [4/5] The entire life cycle of African Trypanosomes is in extracellular (outside the cells) stages. A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected host . [6] In the tsetse flies midgut (the mid section of the digestive tract), the parasites generate a cycle of trypomastigotes, they then multiply by binary fission and leave the midgut. [7] Thereafter the parasites transform into epimastigotes (a developmental stage in trypanosomes) [8] The epimastigotes reach the flys salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission . This cycle in the fly takes approximately 3 weeks to occur. http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/parasites/images/dia3.jpg[Fig.3] This picture shows an African male in the late stage of African trypanosomiasis Describe the biological processes involved in producing solutions to the problem You can spot African trypanosomiasis early if the following symptoms occur, and treating the disease early increases the chances of survival. Symptoms of sleeping sickness begin with fever, headaches, and joint pains. If untreated, the disease slowly overcomes the immune defences of the infected person, and symptoms spread to anaemia, cardiovascular and kidney disorders. The disease then enters a neurological phase when the parasite passes through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The symptoms of the second phase is what gives the disease its name, sleeping sickness, besides confusion and reduced coordination, the sleep cycle is disturbed with a period of lower level consciousness and periods of inability to sleep progressing to daytime drowsiness and night-time insomnia. Without treatment, the disease is fatal, with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma and death. Damage caused in the neurological phase can be irreversible. [7] Stage 1 illness: 2 to 3 weeks later, Stage 1 disease develops as a result of the protozoa being carried through the blood and lymph circulation of the host. This phase of the illness is represented by a high fever that falls and rises again, also irritating rashes, and headaches may occur. The Gambiense form, in particular, includes extreme swelling of lymph tissue, with enlargement of both the spleen and liver, and greatly swollen lymph nodes. During this stage, the heart may be affected by a severe inflammatory reaction, particularly when the infection is caused by the Rhodesiense variety of trypanosomiasis. These symptoms usually occur because of our immune system trying to defeat the invading organism; this is because of the increasing activity of our cells damaging organs and tissues. This may cause some blood vessels to leak and as a result of this the protozoa may spread further around the body. The immune system responds so violently because the trypanosomes survive so well by quickly changing specific markers, which are the outer coats of unique proteins. These proteins stimulate the hosts immune system to produce immune cells which will specifically target the marker, allowing quick destruction of those cells bearing the markers. Trypanosomes, however, are able to express new markers at such a high rate of change that the hosts immune system is constantly trying to catch up. Stage 2 illness This involves the nervous system, especially Gambiense sleeping sickness, which has a phase in which the symptoms involve the brain. These symptoms are that the patients speech becomes slurred, mental processes slow, and the patient sits and stares for long periods of time, or sleeps. Other symptoms resemble Parkinsons disease, including imbalance when walking, slow and shuffling gait, trembling of the limbs, involuntary movements, muscle tightness, and increasing mental confusion. Untreated, these symptoms could eventually lead to coma and then to death. [8] There are various treatments for the disease but it depends on the how bad the disease has got and what stage it is at. Suramin, eflornithine, pentamidine, and several drugs which contain arsenic (a chemical which in higher doses is highly poisonous to humans), are all effective anti-trypanosomal agents. When the disease is in its early stages it is easier to control and its treatments are the most effective, the least toxic, so the earlier the identification of the disease, the better the prospect of a cure. At the second stage the treatments depend on drugs that can cross the blood and the brain, to reach the parasite, however these drugs are more toxic and therefore carry a risk with them. There are four drugs that have been registered for the treatment of sleeping sickness which are; pentamidine, melarsoprol, eflornithine and suramin. If the disease is diagnosed early, the chances of cure are high. The type of treatment depends on the phase of the disease: initial or neurological. During which the second stage of the trypanosome parasites reside in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) so success in the latter phase depends on having a drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the parasite. Four drugs have been used until now. Without treatment, sleeping sickness will lead to death. Unfortunately, however, those medications effective against the Trypanosoma brucei complex protozoa all have significant potential side effects for the patient. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is AFHS0604-0223Fig1.jpg Object name is AFHS0604-0223Fig1.jpg [Fig 4] Sleeping sickness in South-Eastern Uganda from 1905- 2001 As you can see in figure 5 there were a high number of deaths of people from Trypanosomiasis from 1905-1915 but even thought the number decreases there have still been a lot of cases in this small region in the past 30 years and the number has been predicted to increase from The First Stage Treatment Suramin: Suramin is a colourless derivative. The development of suramin followed observations that a number substances. Suramin has six negative charges at physiological pH, thereby preventing its diffusion across cell membranes and it could possibly be used against late stage trypanosomiasis because it does not cross the BBB. Suramin is generally considered the drug of choice for the early stages of human African trypanosomiasis, especially T. b. rhodesiense infections. Because of the size and charge of suramin it makes it unsuitable to have a specific transporter. Suramin easily binds to many proteins. At attainable levels, more than 75% of suramin is bound to proteins, which include low-density lipoproteins (LDL). LDL and transferin are taken up through a receptor-mediated endocytosis and suramin enters the parasite specifically found to LDL. Accumulation of the drug in trypanosomes is relatively slow. In some studies, suramin has interfered with the metabolism of trypanosomes in different ways: It hampers the receptor mediated uptake of LDL, the carrier of cholesterol which is required for parasite growth Suramin, which enters via receptor mediated endocytosis in association with LDL, is most likely to accumulate inside the lysosome. Several of the enzymes encountered by suramin on its way from the extracellular fluid to the secondary lysosomes become inhibited by suramin. Many glycolytic enzymes located inside the glycosome on the African trypanosome carry a high positive charge, and therefore are all inhibited by micro molar levels of suramin. Second Stage Treatment Eflornithine: Eflornithine is an off-white, odourless, powder; the compound is freely soluble in water and sparingly soluble in ethanol. It is used mainly as a backup drug for melarsoprol but now in places such as Uganda it has become the first line treatment for sleeping sickness. Adverse drug reactions during eflornithine therapy are frequent. Their occurrence and intensity increase with the duration of treatment and the severity of the general condition of the patient. Generally, adverse reactions to eflornithine are reversible after the end of treatment. Trypanosomes are more susceptible to the drug than human cells, possibly due to the slow turnover of the ODC enzyme (which is key in the biosynthesis of polyamines) in T. b. gambiense. Eflornithine can effectively inhibit ODC activity and use the supply of polyamines in trypanosomes, which bring them into a motionless state that makes them vulnerable to the hosts immune attack. Therefore, a sufficiently active immune system is required to achieve a cure. Additionally, eflornithine induces the differentiation of thin forms to larger forms which do not divide anymore and therefore become accessible to the immune system. [9] It was found in a study that the effectiveness of eflornithine was 98.7% on its patients which is a high cure rate. Explain how the processes used are appropriate in terms of producing effective solutions to address the problem As you can see a total of 6 patients died, 5 of them on the 14 day course therefore the 7 day course seems to be much more effective. The 7 day course seems to be cause less adverse events in general then the 14 day course. [Fig. 5] However concluding figure 6 we can see that the probability of cure is higher in the 14 day regime then the 7 day regime. So even though there are some side effects of the 14 day regime still has a greater chance of curing the disease.[Fig. 6] F1_medium.gif [Fig. 7] A total of 103 patients with second-stage disease were enrolled. Cure rates were 94.1% for the eflornithine group and 96.2% for the nifurtimox-eflornithine group. Drug reactions were frequent in both arms, and severe reactions affected 25.5% of patients in the eflornithine group and 9.6% of those in the nifurtimox-eflornithine group, resulting in 2 and 1 treatment suspensions, respectively. There was 1 death in the eflornithine arm and no deaths in the nifurtimox-eflornithine arm. [10] The nifurtimox-eflornithine combination appears to be a promising first-line therapy for second-stage sleeping sickness. [10] F1_medium.gif [Fig 8] shows the probability of an event free survival among 1055 patients; they were treated with eflornithine for newly diagnosed second stage human African trypanosomiasis in Ibba, Southern Sudan. 1756-3305-1-3-3.jpg[Fig. 9] The combined efforts of chemotherapy, systematic case detection and vector control led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of sleeping sickness at the beginning of the 1960s as shown in figure 2. The grey bars represent the number of cases whilst the line graph shows the population screened. Identify 2 implications of the solution encountered Suramin As suramin can only be injected it causes problems as African Trypanosomiasis can be spread easily from the needles not bring cleaned properly. If the patients who dont have the disease are injecting with the same unclean needle as people who are diagnosed this would result in the non-infected patients being infected. Further problems of suramin are that it has many side effects which include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, metallic taste and joint pain. Less common side effects are loss of vision and swelling around eyes. It can even rarely cause fainting and death. The advantages are that many of these side effects can be stopped by using a small sample dose, 100 mg IV, to test any toxic reactions of the patients. Eflornithine The route of application makes financial difficulties due to the workload and the additional material needed. A recently investigated abbreviated course of 7 days was found to cause a high relapse rate for the treatment of new cases. The superior outcome reported for the treatment of relapses still has to be confirmed, since there were a very small number of participants in the study. If there was an oral form for the treatment of sleeping sickness it would be more appropriate as it would be cheaper and less time consuming. In a study the average cost of eflornithine per patient being 552.3 USD and the cost per patients life saved averaging 559.8 USD. [10] Eflornithine also has side effects which include acne stinging skin; headache; dry skin; itching; erythema (redness); dyspepsia(upset stomach or indigestion); alopecia Fortunately there are advantages of this drug as efforts for the developments of an oral form of eflornithine are currently being made under the World Health Organisation/World Bank special programme for research and training in tropical diseases. This drug is generally better tolerated than the first line drug melarsoprol. It was found in a study that the effectiveness of eflornithine was 98.7% on its patients which is very high and therefore if the illness is treated within its late stages, stage 2, the chances of survival are still high. Evaluate the benefits and risks to humans, organisms and the environment Benefits: The side effects of Suramin can be stopped by using a small sample dose, 100 mg IV, to test any toxic reactions of the patients, so this means it could An oral form of eflornithine is currently being made under the World Health Organisation/World Bank special programme for research and training in tropical diseases. This would lead to cheaper costs of to treat a patient; therefore more people can be treated and cured. Effectiveness of eflornithine is 98.7% on its patients which is very high and therefore if the illness is treated within its late stages, stage 2, the chances of survival are still high, so a lot less people die when using the treatment. Disadvantges: The average cost of eflornithine per patient being 552.3 USD is far too high to cure most of the people especially because the treatment mainly depends on donated money as the government of the Third World countries are too poor to afford the treatment, so by using this lots of people may never be treated and therefore there may be a rise in the death rate. As the treatment of patients decreases, if people donate less, the number of deaths from the disease will increase. Further disadvantages of the treatments are that they both carry many side effects, even though some of these side effects arent major, the lack of treatments in these poor countries could result in a gradual decrease in health over time. Also some of the side effects and over doses could lead to death or serious illnesses so it is important to administer the drugs carefully and correctly as the end result could be fatal. Discuss alternative views or solutions for the problem encountered Pentamidine: Pentamidine can be used instead of suramin for a first stage treatment of trypanosomiasis. It is medication with a very slow rate of diffusion across biological membranes and it only treats the T.B.G. form of African sleeping sickness in the first stage. It could be injected or inhaled by the patient. Because of poor GI absorption, the drug is administered IV/IM and is strongly bound to tissues, including spleen, liver, and kidney. Clinical improvement usually noted within 24 h of injection. Reported to have a >90% cure rate. Pentamidine does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively and, therefore, does not treat CNS infection. [9] Fifty-eight patients in the early-late stage (early central nervous system involvement) of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis were treated with pentamidine and divided into four groups according to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicators: white blood cell (WBC) count, protein level (CSF protein), and the presence or absence of trypanosomes. Group 1 consisted of eight patients with normal CSF WBC counts and CSF protein levels and trypanosomes in the CSF. Group 2 consisted of nine patients with elevated CSF WBC counts, normal level of CSF protein, and trypanosomes in the CSF. Group 3 consisted of 31 patients with high CSF WBC counts, normal CSF protein levels, but no trypanosomes in the CSF. Group 4 consisted of 10 patients with normal CSF WBC counts and CSF protein levels and trypanosomes demonstrated by CSF culture. Post-treatment follow-up of all patients for at least one year revealed three relapses. There were two deaths from diseases unrelated to trypanosomiasis or to the treatment protocol. Of these patients, 52 were followed for more than two years, the time necessary to confirm a complete cure, indicating a cure rate of 94%. Pentamidine is therefore effective in treating the early-late stage of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis, and is comparable with melarsoprol or eflornithine in terms of its tolerance and availability. [11] Side effects: Shortness of breath; closing of the throat; hives; swelling of the lips, face, or tongue; rash; or faintin;, bleeding or bruising; blurred vision; chest pain or irregular heart beat; chills; difficulty breathing dizziness, fainting spells or excessive tiredness; drastic appetite changes; mouth ulcers severe stomach pain; severe headache; seizureshttp://bryanking.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/hives.jpg [Fig 10] This picture shows hives which is a common side effect of pentamidine Melarsoprol: Melarsoprol contains an arsenic element with a reactive arsenoxide group. The presence of the arsenoxide enables the ability of lipid solubility and this allows passage across the BBB. Apart from its transport function, the arsenoxide group mediates in the killing of the parasites in the bodily fluid; CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid). Modification of the melarsoprol parent ring to generate other analogous compounds can have a significant impact on its trypanocidal efficacy. The trivalent arsenicals; melarsoprol, melarsen oxide and phenylarsen are highly active with a minimum inhibitory concentration. Usually the transport of melarsoprol into the trypanosome parasite is accomplished by purine tranporters. Purine transport is highly developed in trypanosomes as they do not synthesize nucleic acids and must directly acquire them from their hosts. Resistance The failure of melarsoprol to cure 10% of the late stage sleeping sickness patients possibly relates to the fact that these individuals accumulate levels of the drug in the brain. However, one study has indicated that the levels of drug are similar in the CSF of relapsing and non-relapsing patients, so parasites at other extravascular sites may be key to the treatment failure. In some regions, treatment failures have reached high levels up to 30%. Parasites retrieved from the patients with these treatment failures were less responsive to melarsoprol than parasites isolated from other foci. This clearly points to some form of mutation towards resistance. Indeed arsenic refractory parasites do possess an unusual amino purine transporter which accumulates melarsoprol and the loss of this transporter in the parasite leads to drug resistance. T. brucei contains several of the purine nucleoside transporter activities. [9] Melarsoprol is a good alternative and is used as the first line drug against Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in many countries. This is because the drug has longer intervals between when the dosages should be taken so it requires fewer resources and is therefore cheaper. However melarsoprol is a highly dangerous treatment, only administered by injection under the supervision of a physician. It causes a range of side effects, among them convulsions, fever, unconsciousness etc. It is fatal in and of itself in approx. 10% of the cases. Meanwhile eflornithine is a modern and far less dangerous treatment for HAT but it is expensive not widely available in the market and the money for supplies are usually dependable on donations. Melarsoprol is a good alternative and is used as the first line drug against Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in many countries. This is because the drug has longer intervals between when the dosages should be taken so it requires fewer resources and is therefore cheaper. However melarsoprol is a highly dangerous treatment, only administered by injection under the supervision of a physician. It causes a range of side effects, among them convulsions, fever, unconsciousness etc. It is fatal in and of itself in approx. 10% of the cases. Meanwhile eflornithine is a modern and far less dangerous treatment for HAT but it is expensive not widely available in the market and the money for supplies are usually dependable on donations.

Beauty in Hong Kong

Beauty in Hong Kong Introduction The definition of beauty is not something objective or immanent because people from different place, age or social class may form its own ideal of it. The ideal beauty is analogous with people’s aesthetic feeling at that respecting duration. In our modern society, human body is the one of the most important components used to determine the attractiveness or beauty of a person. But for sure, there is not a definite answer for an ideal body type due to the cultural difference and historical discrepancy among countries and places. In this essay, discussion will focus on the ideal body types for men and women in Hong Kong and how these ideal body types are shaped by mass media, technology and medicine. Besides, based on Sandra Bartky’s findings, impact of body modification on individuals will be analyzed. Ideal body type in Hong Kong As Hong Kong was ruled by Britain in the last century, it is at the cultural border between traditional Chinese and western culture. Possessing this unique perception, Hong Kong interpretation of ideal body type is a mix. Ideal body type for men Muscularity is undoubtedly one of the criteria for ideal body type for men in Hong Kong. It is usually represented by strong muscular arms, a large firm chest, a slim waist and board shoulders which are found to be alluring to female. Waist-to-chest ratio would be one of the indicator for men to train up their body. The smaller the ratio, the more muscle is concentrated on the upper part of the body and abdomen, generally considered as â€Å"V-shape†. In the eyes of most female, it is considered as a perfect body shape. At the same time, a sporty and athletic feeling will be delivered, giving others a message that this person is healthy and self-disciplined. With the masculine body, female believes the person has the ability to protect her and feels safer. Thus, men with a muscular body is so attracting in Hong Kong. Height also plays an important role on the ideal body type in Hong Kong. It is often measured by the volume height index (VHI). According to the research done by Hong Kong Polytechnic University[1], VHI alone can explain ca. 73% of the variance of male body attractiveness ratings. The optimal VHI will be at 17.6 l m^–2 and 18.0 l m^–2 for female raters and male raters, respectively. It shows that for men who are muscular, it would be better to be taller due to their large volume. One of the reasons behind is that most female would like to have a male partner taller than her, feeling that the man should be able to protect her. Ideal body type for women Influenced by the western culture, people believe that women ideal body shape should be slim. So they might regard keeping fit as a mission or a life-long goal. The thinner they are, the more attractive their body shape. The perception of beauty can be measured by waist-to-height ratio, which is an important determinant. Generally, the Ideal waist circumference = height x 0.382. Moreover, they perceive thinness as a sign of independence, strength and accomplishment, which implicated that they are fashionable. The attraction for a proportionate body also affects an appeal for erect posture. Apart from the body mass, women with large, firm and symmetrical breasts are considered as attractive as well. Some studies show that most men enjoy the sight of female breasts.[2] According to the findings from the New Zealand’s University of Wellington, men constantly spent more time looking at the breasts of female posed in front of them and showed more fascination on female’s breasts than their head. This culture has penetrated Hong Kong thoroughly, leading a proliferation of medical treatment center provided with chest implant surgery. Affected by traditional Chinese culture, men in Hong Kong consider wide hips and firm buttocks as sexually attractive body type, which indicates a better ability of fertility. Also, wide buttocks of women are a strong implication to men that she is very much capable of reproduction. On the other hand, women with wide hips are particularly more tempting to man when they are walking due to their shaking buttocks, even if the women do not meant to shake it. It can be seen that large buttocks are really important to determine the attractiveness of women in the perspective of cultural and sexual sense. Perpetuation of the concept for body type People are not born with an innate sense of what is beautiful or not. They learn some cultural and social standards through a process of socialization. These beauty standards are cultural creations. Mass media From a very young age, children start to learn what is most valuable in their culture for sex through mass media. By watching cartoons, they learn that girls should be princesses dressed in pink tiaras with a slim body, while boys should be princes who are muscular, tall and able to protect their partners with their strong arms. Being instilled these values at such an early age, it is not surprising to see that the definition for beauty has changed, focusing on the body shape of people. On top of the early inculcation, the mass media is doing a remarkable job of making people feel badly about themselves. Through advertisement in different channels, such as free-to-air TV broadcasting, radio and so on, the ideal body types for men and women are presented to the public. These advertisement bombard people with these ideal images by repeatedly brain-washing, internalizing people’s cultural values and ideals of appearance. By then, people become more dissatisfied with themselves[3]. The purpose of the mass media is to create body dissatisfaction, leading people to spend enormous amounts of money, time, and energy to fix the flaws. Besides, the print media, such as magazines, reinforces the notion of the â€Å"ideal† male and female bodies through constant barrage of slender, scantily clad women and muscular half-naked men. As people, especially youngsters, in Hong Kong give lots of reliability and credibility to many of the popular magazines. They read them every day, using them as signifiers of what is â€Å"cool† and â€Å"hot†. According to the findings from Benjie Achtenberg Macalester College[4], students mentioned in their journals that â€Å"they read the magazines and enjoy seeing the images because their favorite celebrities were featured.† It shows that print media is influential which acts as a platform to perpetuate the aforementioned ideal body types for men and women. Technology With the advancement of technology, more weight loss methods are introduced. For example, non-invasive surgery, such as CoolSculpting procedure[5] is invented to freeze away patients’ fats and reduce the number of fat cells in the treated areas. Unlike weight loss surgery this procedure is lasting longer and safer because once the fat cells are eliminated, they are gone for good. Apart from that, gastric bypass is a surgery that also helps lose weight by minimizing the stomach and small intestine. Undoubtedly, the innovation and advancement in technology can bring a safer and better experience for people to reduce weight. It will therefore attract more people to pursue a slim body shape under the improvement. These social standards are gradually implanted to people, internalizing their thoughts. Medicine Hong Kong people, as an Asian, usually have an enlarged masseter muscle, one of the chewing muscles, causing a squaring of the facial shape. To maintain an ideal V-shaped face, it is popular for people to undergo Botox injections. It shows that the more medicine is available for maintaining a perfect body shape, the more people would do so due to the easier access to modern beauty. [1] http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1560/219.short [2] http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/2845918/Men-have-an-eye-for-womens-breasts [3] http://www.jeatdisord.com/content/1/1/14 [4] https://www.macalester.edu/educationreform/actionresearch/Achtenberg.pdf [5] http://www.coolsculpting.com/the-coolsculpting-procedure/what-is-the-coolsculpting-procedure/

Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Simon is perhaps the most important character in the novel for he is the first and only character to come to the realization that the Beast is inside them all, and is not represented by a physical manifestation. Simon is a follower, not a leader. He believes and trusts what Ralph, his leader, says. That’s why he mentions that the beast could be inside all of them once, and immediately discards that because Ralph doesn’t think so. His confrontation with the Lord of the Flies is the only way he can liberate that information to himself. The encounter begins with â€Å"Even if he shut his eyes the sow’s head still remained like an after-image.† This represents the beginning of the fixation Simon is having on the head, thinking of it even after he shuts his eyes. Golding then points out that the pig had half shut eyes and were dim with infinite cynicism of adult life. Those details come back a little later. It’s at this point where Simon asks himself a question and answers it aloud. â€Å" ‘I know that.’ Simon discovered that he had spoken aloud†. â€Å"He opened his eyes quickly and there was the head grinning amusedly in the strange daylight, ignoring the flies, the spilled guts, even ignoring the indignity of being spiked on a stick.† That sentence shows the continuing evolution of the fixation Simon has in this encounter. The first thing he sees when he opens his eyes is the head, and he ignores every detail around it. This is when Simon comes to the realization that his original conclusion is credible, the one he let be because of Ralph. He looks away, trying to forget the head even exists, but cannot accomplish that task.. He pulls himself back to the head â€Å"Might not the beast come for it?†, simply because he believes the Beast is not a physical manifestation, therefore being impossible for it to come. According to Simon, the head seems to agree with him. At this point, he knows the Bea st doesn’t exist physically, but he is hesitant none-the-less. The head says â€Å"Run away [†¦] go back to the others. It was a joke really—why should you bother? You were wrong, that’s all. A little headache, something you ate, perhaps. Go back, child.† Simon is making excuses for himself through the pig. Here, the fixation on the head is nearly complete.

The Psychological Effects of Stroke in Older Adults Essay -- Psycholog

The Psychological Effects of Stroke in Older Adults Elderly people are continuously faced with the debilitating effects of the aging process. Age-related diseases are part of the aging process that put the elderly population at risks for physical, mental, and social incapacity in dealing with their everyday functioning. However, more than the external deleterious consequences of these diseases are the psychological ramifications that they have to older adults that are worth investigating. Cerebrovascular accident or stroke is one of the many age-related diseases that affect both the physical and psychological functioning of many older adults. To understand the extent of the effects of stroke to older adults, this research paper will enumerate various physical, mental, and social aftermaths of this disease. Furthermore, it will utilize the most recent studies to explain the consequences of these aftermaths to older adults’ cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. Also, this paper will discuss the psychological effects of caregiver burden that a spouse or immediate family member may experience while caring for a stroke victim. To gain a better understanding of stroke, it is imperative to first get a closer look at the background information and underlying factors that surround this disease. Stroke is a serious and life-threatening disease that mainly affects the biological functioning of the brain. It is precipitated by an occlusion in the vascular system that supports and nourishes the brain cells with oxygen and other vital minerals (Welch, 2008). With the brain deprived of the necessary nutrients to maintain its fundamental metabolic processes, it is often times altered irreversibly to the point where it affects the... ... J. (2011). Differential aspects of stroke and congestive heart failure in quality of life reduction: A case series with three comparison groups. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 65. Pohl, P. S., McDowd, J. M., Filion, D., Richards, L. G., Stiers, W., & Kluding, P. (2007). Task Switching After Stroke. Physical Therapy, 87(1), 66-73. Rogalski, Y., Altmann, L. J. P., Plummer-D’Amato, P., Behrman, A. L., & Marsiske, M. (2010). Discourse coherence and cognition after stroke: A dual task study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 43(3), 212-224. Thompson, H., & Ryan, A. (2009). The impact of stroke consequences on spousal relationships from the perspective of the person with stroke. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 18(12), 1803-1811. Welch, R. (2008). Considering the psychological effects of stroke. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 2(7), 335-346. The Psychological Effects of Stroke in Older Adults Essay -- Psycholog The Psychological Effects of Stroke in Older Adults Elderly people are continuously faced with the debilitating effects of the aging process. Age-related diseases are part of the aging process that put the elderly population at risks for physical, mental, and social incapacity in dealing with their everyday functioning. However, more than the external deleterious consequences of these diseases are the psychological ramifications that they have to older adults that are worth investigating. Cerebrovascular accident or stroke is one of the many age-related diseases that affect both the physical and psychological functioning of many older adults. To understand the extent of the effects of stroke to older adults, this research paper will enumerate various physical, mental, and social aftermaths of this disease. Furthermore, it will utilize the most recent studies to explain the consequences of these aftermaths to older adults’ cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. Also, this paper will discuss the psychological effects of caregiver burden that a spouse or immediate family member may experience while caring for a stroke victim. To gain a better understanding of stroke, it is imperative to first get a closer look at the background information and underlying factors that surround this disease. Stroke is a serious and life-threatening disease that mainly affects the biological functioning of the brain. It is precipitated by an occlusion in the vascular system that supports and nourishes the brain cells with oxygen and other vital minerals (Welch, 2008). With the brain deprived of the necessary nutrients to maintain its fundamental metabolic processes, it is often times altered irreversibly to the point where it affects the... ... J. (2011). Differential aspects of stroke and congestive heart failure in quality of life reduction: A case series with three comparison groups. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 65. Pohl, P. S., McDowd, J. M., Filion, D., Richards, L. G., Stiers, W., & Kluding, P. (2007). Task Switching After Stroke. Physical Therapy, 87(1), 66-73. Rogalski, Y., Altmann, L. J. P., Plummer-D’Amato, P., Behrman, A. L., & Marsiske, M. (2010). Discourse coherence and cognition after stroke: A dual task study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 43(3), 212-224. Thompson, H., & Ryan, A. (2009). The impact of stroke consequences on spousal relationships from the perspective of the person with stroke. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 18(12), 1803-1811. Welch, R. (2008). Considering the psychological effects of stroke. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 2(7), 335-346.

Schneck vs United States :: essays research papers

Schenck vs. United States- 1919 HOLLIES, J. This is an indictment in three counts. The first charges a conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of June 15, 1917 . . . by causing and attempting to cause insubordination, &c., in the military and naval forces of the United States, and to obstruct the recruiting and enlistment service of the United States, when the United States was at war with the German Empire, to wit, that the defendants willfully conspired to have printed and circulated to men who had been called and accepted for military service under the Act of May 18, 1917, a document set forth and alleged to be calculated to cause such insubordination and obstruction. The count alleges overt acts in pursuance of the conspiracy, ending in the distribution of the document set forth. . . . They set up the First Amendment to the Constitution forbidding Congress to make any law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, and bringing the case here on that ground have argued some other points also of which w e must dispose. It is argued that the evidence, if admissible, was not sufficient to prove that the defendant Schenck was concerned in sending the documents. According to the testimony Schenck said he was general secretary of the Socialist party and had charge of the Socialist headquarters from which the documents were sent. He identified a book found there as the minutes of the Executive Committee of the party The book showed a resolution of August 13, 1917, that 15,000 leaflets should be printed on the other side of one of them in use, to be mailed to men who had passed exemption boards, and for distribution. Schenck personally attended to the printing. On August 20 the general secretary's report said, "Obtained new leaflets from printer and started work addressing envelopes" &c.; and there was a resolve that Comrade Schenck be allowed $125 for sending leaflets through the mail. He said that he had about fifteen or sixteen thousand printed. There were files of the circular in questio n in the inner office which he said were printed on the other side of the one sided circular and were there for distribu|tion. Other copies were proved to have been sent through the mails to drafted men. With; out going into confirmatory details that were l proved, no reasonable man could doubt that the defendant Schenck was largely instrumental in sending the circulars about.

International Involvement

International Involvement Several significant events took place from 1890-1905 that involved the United States, particularly the United States becoming more involved in international affairs. The United States has been a major player in world affairs over the last two centuries. In the years following its War of Independence, its policies tended to be isolationist, but over the centuries it has transformed, mainly by trade and economic imperatives, into a superpower that exerts military, economic and cultural domination over much of the rest of the world.This paper will outline two major events occurring from 1890-1905. Treaty of Paris 1898 The first meeting for the Treaty of Paris occurred on October 1, 1898 when officials from Spain and the United States congregated in Paris, France. The intent of the meeting was to generate an agreement, or treaty that would put an end to a war, also known as the Spanish American War. The American officials present at the meeting were the Honorabl e Whitelaw Reid, Senators George Gray, William Frye and William Day (Library of Congress, 2010).The outcome of the meeting resulted in Spain receiving 20 million dollars from the United States in exchange for possession of the Philippines. Along with the Philippines being placed under American control, the United States also gained power over Guam and Puerto Rico. The meetings took place over a nine day period and the Treaty of Paris was finalized and signed on December 10, 1898 (Library of Congress, 2010). Venezuelan Boundary Dispute 1895-1899Although most may relate the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute to December 17, 1895, when the United States president at the time Grover Cleveland submitted a letter to Congress practically declaring war on Venezuela, the Dispute essentially initiated in 1841 when Venezuelan officials claimed British military was approaching Venezuelan land with intention of taking possession. The main reason for this was in 1814 Great Britain gained control of Guya na by signing a treaty with the Netherlands without a definite western boundary (Pike, 2010).In result, the British hired a man named Robert Schomburgk, who was a well-known and well respected surveyor, to clarify how far the boundary of the land that the British owned. The survey that Robert Schomburgk conducted in 1835 resulted in an additional 30,000 square miles of ownership for the British (Pike, 2010). This additional territory was later named the Schomburgk Line. However, Venezuela argued the results of the survey in 1841 and claimed that its borders extended as far east as the Essequibo River, which meant that Venezuela was claiming nearly two-thirds of British territory.Years later after gold was discovered in the Schomburgk Line by Britain, Venezuela contested the ownership of the area in 1876, and asked the United States for assistance in the matter, referring to the Monroe Doctrine as rationalization for United States involvement. The Monroe Doctrine (referring to former United States President James Monroe) stated if European countries attempt to unfairly overtake land the United States would view the action as a requirement for United States military involvement (Yale Law School, 2008).The request for United States involvement continued for the next 19 years, but received little response from the United States. The United States finally became involved in 1895 when Secretary of State Richard Olney delivered a letter to British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury, ordering the British settle in court the boundary dispute. Lord Salisbury responded by arguing that the Monroe Doctrine did not apply throughout the world.In December 1895, President Grover found the Prime Minister’s response unacceptable and requested Congressional approval for a boundary commission, which would serve as a â€Å"final deciding panel,† and requested that the United States do whatever is necessary to enforce the findings of the commission (Pike, 2010). Congress ag reed to do so and rumors of War with Britain began to erupt in United States newspapers throughout the country. Once rumors of War circulated in Great Britain Lord Salisbury eventually agreed and submitted his argument of the land to the appointed panel and did not mention anything else of the Monroe Doctrine.Venezuela submitted its dispute as well with the confidence of the outcome favoring Venezuela. Then on October 3, 1899 the panel decided in favor of Great Britain and the Schomburgk Line (Pike, 2010). Although Venezuela was disappointed in the decision and did not necessarily agree with the decision, it did not appeal and, more important, revealed to the world that the United States possessed power throughout the world. Conclusion As previously stated, several significant events occurred from 1890-1905, but more important, the events that took place before and after that time have lso affected the current power status of the United States military and how the world views the Un ited States as a nation. In addition to events such as the Treaty of Paris and the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, the United States has shown throughout history that not only can the United States accomplish endeavors by employing military force, but it can also assist other countries in solving disputes acting as a logically thinking and fair third party.References Library of Congress. (2010, July 15). Treaty of Paris 1898. Retrieved from http://www. loc. gov/rr/hispanic/1898/treaty. html Pike, J. (2010). Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895-1899. Retrieved from http://www. globalsecurity. org/military/ops/venezuela1895. htm Yale Law School. (2008). Monroe Doctrine; December 2 1823. Retrieved from http://avalon. law. yale. edu/19th_century/monroe. asp